Immunoglobulins' Response During Staphylococcal Infections: A Review

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus infects the human nasal cavity and integument, and also result in bloodstream and soft tissue infections. Antibiotic resistance strains appeared in the last decades. These infections are corelated with weak antibacterial treatment and high death rates. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common causative agent of dangerous blood infection; anyhow, immunological treatments may target surface molecules in Staphylococcus. However, S. aureus release coagulase (Coa), that trigger host clotting mechanisms. Traditionally, new immunological strategies against bacterial pathogens have focused on antibodies that target cell surface-exposed virulence factors or bacterial toxins. In this study, a monoclonal antibody was developed against IsaA, a proposed soluble lytic transglycosylase in Staphylococcus aureus, and its therapeutic potential was evaluated in two mouse infection models. Previous studies examining the relationship between antibody responses and clinical outcomes in S. aureus bacteremia have produced inconsistent findings, and vaccination protocols have not succeeded in clinical trials. Elevated antibody levels against peptidoglycan generally correlated with increased IgG antibodies to teichoic acid, although no cross-reactivity between peptidoglycan and teichoic acid was detected. The recent emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has raised concerns regarding more severe and persistent disease following invasive infections. Overall, staphylococcal peptidoglycan is immunogenic in humans, and measuring IgG antibodies to peptidoglycan could serve as a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring serious staphylococcal infections.

Keywords:

Immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA

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