Fighting Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches

Athraa fouad kadhium

doi:10.55640/ijmsdh-10-08-03

Open Access

Fighting Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches

Vol. 10 No. 08 (2024): Volume 10 Issue 08 | Pages: 27-38 | https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-08-03

Authors

Athraa fouad kadhium
Middle technical university, Technical medical Institute _ Baghdad

Views: 49 Downloads: 103
Google Scholar

Published Date: 2024-08-12
Download PDF: pdf

Copyright License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors retain the rights to their work published in the International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health and may republish or reproduce their own work, provided proper citation to the original publication in IJMSDH is included.

How to Cite

Fighting Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches. (2024). International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health, 10(08), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-10-08-03

More Citation Formats

Download Citation

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Abstract

FLD is a burgeoning international ailment closely associated with the increasing rates of obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and physical inactivity. This review focuses on the various aspects of FLD pathophysiology including genetic susceptibility, metabolic disturbances, inflammation, oxidative stress, and environmental factors. Diagnostic tests can be simple and non-invasive such as imaging and biomarkers and can be relatively invasive, such as liver biopsies. Currently the treatment focus is made on drug and surgical interventions with lifestyle changes, and besides, gene and stem cell therapies remain an experimental method with fewer evidences. The article points to the problems of patient compliance, adequate diagnostics, and effectiveness of the treatment, the necessity of working on the concept of individualized medicine, new therapeutic strategies, and prevention. A statically and working knowledge and a combination and complex strategy are required to approach and decrease the burden of FLD worldwide.

References

Pouwels S, Sakran N, Graham Y, Leal A, Pintar T, Yang W, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss. BMC Endocr Disord. 2022;22(1):63.

Sharma B, John S. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). 2017.

Juanola O, Martínez-López S, Francés R, Gómez-Hurtado I. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Metabolic, Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Risk Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(10).

Parameswaran M, Hasan HA, Sadeque J, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Arisoyin AE, et al. Factors That Predict the Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20776.

Fujiwara Y, Eguchi S, Murayama H, Takahashi Y, Toda M, Imai K, et al. Relationship between diet/exercise and pharmacotherapy to enhance the GLP-1 levels in type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;2(3):e00068.

Wadden TA, Chao AM, Moore M, Tronieri JS, Gilden A, Amaro A, et al. The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(4):453-73.

Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell. 2021;184(10):2537-64.

Goyal NP, Rosenthal SB, Nasamran C, Behling CA, Angeles JE, Fishbein MH, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk and histologic severity are associated with genetic polymorphisms in children. Hepatology. 2023;77(1):197-212.

Longo M, Meroni M, Paolini E, Erconi V, Carli F, Fortunato F, et al. TM6SF2/PNPLA3/MBOAT7 Loss-of-Function Genetic Variants Impact on NAFLD Development and Progression Both in Patients and in In Vitro Models. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;13(3):759-88.

Meroni M, Longo M, Tria G, Dongiovanni P. Genetics Is of the Essence to Face NAFLD. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10):1359.

Castillo-Leon E, Cioffi CE, Vos MB. Perspectives on youth-onset nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2020;3(4):e00184.

Bianco C, Casirati E, Malvestiti F, Valenti L. Genetic predisposition similarities between NASH and ASH: Identification of new therapeutic targets. JHEP Rep. 2021;3(3):100284.

Badmus OO, Hillhouse SA, Anderson CD, Hinds TD, Stec DE. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Clin Sci (Lond). 2022;136(18):1347-66.

Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev. 2018;98(4):2133-223.

Hardwick JP, Osei-Hyiaman D, Wiland H, Abdelmegeed MA, Song BJ. PPAR/RXR Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Fatty Acid omega-Hydroxylase (CYP4) Isozymes: Implications for Prevention of Lipotoxicity in Fatty Liver Disease. PPAR Res. 2009;2009:952734.

Lodhi IJ, Wei X, Semenkovich CF. Lipoexpediency: de novo lipogenesis as a metabolic signal transmitter. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22(1):1-8.

Shi C, Zhu L, Chen X, Gu N, Chen L, Zhu L, et al. IL-6 and TNF-α induced obesity-related inflammatory response through transcriptional regulation of miR-146b. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2014;34(5):342-8.

Cao S, Liu M, Sehrawat TS, Shah VH. Regulation and functional roles of chemokines in liver diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(9):630-47.

Koyama Y, Brenner DA. Liver inflammation and fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):55-64.

Tanwar S, Rhodes F, Srivastava A, Trembling PM, Rosenberg WM. Inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(2):109-33.

Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:8416763.

Rybka J, Kupczyk D, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Pawluk H, Czuczejko J, Szewczyk-Golec K, et al. Age-related changes in an antioxidant defense system in elderly patients with essential hypertension compared with healthy controls. Redox Rep. 2011;16(2):71-7.

Melo HM, Santos LE, Ferreira ST. Diet-Derived Fatty Acids, Brain Inflammation, and Mental Health. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:265.

Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(12).

Choi JH, Sohn W, Cho YK. The effect of moderate alcohol drinking in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2020;26(4):662-9.

Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Brancati FL, Guallar E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;54(3):1082-90.

Pasanta D, Htun KT, Pan J, Tungjai M, Kaewjaeng S, Kim H, et al. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Hepatic Fat from Fundamental to Clinical Applications. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(5).

Lee DH. Imaging evaluation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: focused on quantification. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2017;23(4):290-301.

Lala V, Zubair M, Minter D. Liver function tests. StatPearls. 2023.

Zeng Y, He H, An Z. Advance of Serum Biomarkers and Combined Diagnostic Panels in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:1254014.

Martinou E, Pericleous M, Stefanova I, Kaur V, Angelidi AM. Diagnostic Modalities of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Biochemical Biomarkers to Multi-Omics Non-Invasive Approaches. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(2).

Venkatesh SK, Yin M, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography of liver: technique, analysis, and clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37(3):544-55.

Semmler G, Datz C, Trauner M. Eating, diet, and nutrition for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S244-s60.

Vidal-Cevallos P, Sorroza-Martínez AP, Chávez-Tapia NC, Uribe M, Montalvo-Javé EE, Nuño-Lámbarri N. The Relationship between Pathogenesis and Possible Treatments for the MASLD-Cirrhosis Spectrum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(8):4397.

Kirwan JP, Sacks J, Nieuwoudt S. The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(7 Suppl 1):S15-s21.

Gupta AK, Bray GA, Greenway FL, Martin CK, Johnson WD, Smith SR. Pioglitazone, but not metformin, reduces liver fat in Type-2 diabetes mellitus independent of weight changes. J Diabetes Complications. 2010;24(5):289-96.

Kim K, Ginsberg HN, Choi SH. New, Novel Lipid-Lowering Agents for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Statins. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):517-32.

Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in chronic liver diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapy. World J Hepatol. 2023;15(2):180-200.

Laursen TL, Hagemann CA, Wei C, Kazankov K, Thomsen KL, Knop FK, et al. Bariatric surgery in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - from pathophysiology to clinical effects. World J Hepatol. 2019;11(2):138-49.

Russo FP, Ferrarese A, Zanetto A. Recent advances in understanding and managing liver transplantation. F1000Res. 2016;5.

Parambi DGT, Alharbi KS, Kumar R, Harilal S, Batiha GE, Cruz-Martins N, et al. Gene Therapy Approach with an Emphasis on Growth Factors: Theoretical and Clinical Outcomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2022;59(1):191-233.

Li TT, Wang ZR, Yao WQ, Linghu EQ, Wang FS, Shi L. Stem Cell Therapies for Chronic Liver Diseases: Progress and Challenges. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2022;11(9):900-11.