Analysis of the Mechanical and Biological Effects of 3D Printing Techniques in the Design and Construction of Dental Restorative Prostheses: A Comparative Study between Traditional Methods and Advanced Digital Technologies

Abstract

This study comprehensively evaluates the mechanical and organic performance of 3D- published dental prostheses in comparison to standard techniques. A laboratory- primarily based comparative layout assessed compressive energy, flexural staying power, floor roughness, cytocompatibility, and bacterial adhesion throughout 20 samples (10 traditional, 10 3D-printed). Results revealed that 3D-published prostheses exhibited superior precision (surface roughness: 0.35 vs. 0.55 µm; p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (62,100 vs. 52,300 cycles; p < 0.001), and biocompatibility (mobile viability: 93.5% vs. 86.2%; p = 0.007). However, fabric-dependent limitations were obvious, with photopolymer resins displaying decrease fracture resistance than PEEK or cobalt- chrome alloys. Bacterial adhesion reduced through 32% on 3D-published surfaces (p < 0.001), underscoring their medical potential for infection-susceptible instances. The have a look at concludes that 3D printing gives a possible opportunity for precision- driven applications but necessitates fabric improvements for high-load scenarios. Future studies should discover complex geometries and lengthy-term in vivo performance to optimize scientific adoption.

Keywords:

3D Printing in Dentistry, Dental Prostheses, Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility, Additive Manufacturing

References

Abduo, J., & Lyons, K. (2013). Rationale for the use of CAD/CAM technology in implant prosthodontics. International journal of dentistry, 2013(1), 768121.

Gad, M. M., Fouda, S. M., Al-Harbi, F. A., Näpänkangas, R., & Raustia, A. (2017). PMMA denture base material enhancement: a review of fiber, filler, and nanofiller addition. International journal of nanomedicine, 3801-3812.

Park, G. H., Son, K., & Lee, K. B. (2019). Feasibility of using an intraoral scanner for a complete-arch digital scan. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 121(5), 803-810.

Al‐Wahadni, A., Shahin, A., & Kurtz, K. S. (2018). An in vitro investigation of veneered zirconia‐based restorations shade reproducibility. Journal of Prosthodontics, 27(4), 347-354.

Ligon, S. C., Liska, R., Stampfl, J., Gurr, M., & Mülhaupt, R. (2017). Polymers for 3D printing and customized additive manufacturing. Chemical reviews, 117(15), 10212-10290.

Durner, J., Burggraf, S., Czibere, L., Tehrani, A., Watts, D. C., & Becker, M. (2021). Fast and cost-effective screening for SARS-CoV-2 variants in a routine diagnostic setting. Dental Materials, 37(3), e95-e97.

Xu, H. (2024). Antifouling and antimicrobial 3D printed small household appliances with incorporation of zwitterions and quaternary ammonium compounds. Applied Materials Today, 38, 102201.

Bisharat, M., Ghosal, K., Kana’an, N., Khamaisi, B., Nassar-Marjiya, E., Jindal, S., & Farah, S. (2024). Engineering fully quaternized (Dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate-based photoresins for 3D printing of biodegradable antimicrobial polymers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 499, 155417.

Patel, M., Barrera, L., Chu, L., & Whang, K. (2024). Development of an antimicrobial, 3D printable denture base material with K18 quaternary ammonium silane-functionalized methyl methacrylate and filler. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 131(6), 1251-e1.

Khowdiary, M. M., Taha, N. A., Saleh, N. M., & Elhenawy, A. A. (2022). Synthesis of novel nano-sulfonamide metal-based corrosion inhibitor surfactants. Materials, 15(3), 1146.

Al Hamad, K. Q., Al‐Rashdan, B. A., Ayyad, J. Q., Al Omrani, L. M., Sharoh, A. M., Al Nimri, A. M., & Al‐Kaff, F. T. (2022). Additive manufacturing of dental ceramics: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Prosthodontics, 31(8), e67-e86.

Methani, M. M., Revilla‐León, M., & Zandinejad, A. (2020). The potential of additive manufacturing technologies and their processing parameters for the fabrication of all‐ceramic crowns: A review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 32(2), 182-192.

Tahayeri, A., Morgan, M., Fugolin, A. P., Bompolaki, D., Athirasala, A., Pfeifer, C. S., ... & Bertassoni, L. E. (2018). 3D printed versus conventionally cured provisional crown and bridge dental materials. Dental materials, 34(2), 192-200.

Gordan, V. V., & National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. (2013). Translating research into everyday clinical practice: Lessons learned from a USA dental practice-based research network. Dental Materials, 29(1), 3-9.

Katheng, A., Kanazawa, M., Iwaki, M., & Minakuchi, S. (2021). Evaluation of dimensional accuracy and degree of polymerization of stereolithography

photopolymer resin under different postpolymerization conditions: an in vitro study. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 125(4), 695-702.

Fabbri, G., Zarone, F., Dellificorelli, G., Cannistraro, G., De Lorenzi, M., Mosca, A., & Sorrentino, R. (2014). Clinical evaluation of 860 anterior and posterior lithium disilicate restorations: retrospective study with a mean follow- up of 3 years and a maximum observational period of 6 years. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 34(2), 165-77.

Latib, Y. O. (2020). A Preliminary Study on the Accuracy and Cost of a Digital Workflow for Metal-Based Removable Partial Denture Frameworks (Master's thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa)).

Pieralli, S., Spies, B. C., Hromadnik, V., Nicic, R., Beuer, F., & Wesemann, C. (2020). How accurate is oral implant installation using surgical guides printed from a degradable and steam-sterilized biopolymer?. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2322.

Zol, S. M., Alauddin, M. S., Said, Z., Mohd Ghazali, M. I., Hao-Ern, L., Mohd Farid, D. A., ... & Abdul Aziz, A. H. (2023). Description of poly (aryl-ether- ketone) materials (PAEKs), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) for application as a dental material: a materials science review. Polymers, 15(9), 2170.

Duarte Jr, S., & Phark, J. H. (2024). Advances in Dental Restorations: A Comprehensive Review of Machinable and 3D‐Printed Ceramic‐Reinforced Composites. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.

Sihivahanan, D., Maniyan Vijayakumari, M., Yadalam, P. K., Boreak, N., Binalrimal, S., Alqahtani, S. M., ... & Patil, S. (2022). Evaluation of micro- tensile bond strength of fibre post with titanium dioxide nanoparticles as fillers in experimental dental composite resin. Materials, 15(9), 3312.

Hassanpour, M., Narongdej, P., Alterman, N., Moghtadernejad, S., & Barjasteh, E. (2024). Effects of post-processing parameters on 3D-printed dental appliances: A review. Polymers, 16(19), 2795.

Kim, T. H., Huh, J. B., Lee, J., Bae, E. B., & Park, C. J. (2021). Retrospective comparison of postinsertion maintenances between conventional and 3D printed complete dentures fabricated in a predoctoral clinic. Journal of Prosthodontics, 30(S2), 158-162.

Aati, S., Shrestha, B., & Fawzy, A. (2022). Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficiency of ZrO2 nanoparticles reinforced 3D printed resins. Dental Materials, 38(8), 1432-1442.

Osman, R. B., Khoder, G., Fayed, B., Kedia, R. A., Elkareimi, Y., & Alharbi, N. (2023). Influence of fabrication technique on adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans to conventional, milled, and 3D-printed denture base resin materials: a comparative in vitro study. Polymers, 15(8), 1836.

Adamson, O. O., Gbotolorun, O. M., Odeniyi, O., Oduyebo, O. O., & Adeyemo, W. L. (2018). Assessment of predictors of treatment outcome among patients with bacterial odontogenic infection. The Saudi Dental Journal, 30(4), 337-341.

Hao, Y., Shi, C., Zhang, Y., Zou, R., Dong, S., Yang, C., & Niu, L. (2024). The research status and future direction of polyetheretherketone in dental implant— A comprehensive review. Dental Materials Journal, 43(5), 609-620.

Alzahrani, S. J., Hajjaj, M. S., Azhari, A. A., Ahmed, W. M., Yeslam, H. E., & Carvalho, R. M. (2023). Mechanical properties of three-dimensional printed provisional resin materials for crown and fixed dental prosthesis: a systematic review. Bioengineering, 10(6), 663.

Hasanpur, E., Ghazavizadeh, A., Sadeghi, A., & Haboussi, M. (2021). In vitro corrosion study of PLA/Mg composites for cardiovascular stent applications. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 124, 104768.

Srinivasan, M., Chien, E. C., Kalberer, N., Caravaca, A. M. A., Castelleno, A. L., Kamnoedboon, P., ... & Wismeijer, D. (2022). Analysis of the residual monomer content in milled and 3D-printed removable CAD-CAM complete dentures: an in vitro study. Journal of Dentistry, 120, 104094.

Paul, N., Swamy, K. R., Dhakshaini, M. R., Sowmya, S., & Ravi, M. B. (2020). Marginal and internal fit evaluation of conventional metal-ceramic versus zirconia CAD/CAM crowns. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 12(1), e31.

Saini, R. S., Gurumurthy, V., Quadri, S. A., Bavabeedu, S. S., Abdelaziz, K. M., Okshah, A., ... & Heboyan, A. (2024). The flexural strength of 3D-printed provisional restorations fabricated with different resins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 24(1), 66.

Brewer, G. A., Lau, K. K., Wingert, K. M., Ball, B. H., & Blais, C. (2017). Examining depletion theories under conditions of within-task transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(7), 988.