Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic granulomatous infection produced by the obligate aerobe, slow-growing, acid-fast bacillus (AFB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, owns a lipid-rich cell wall (mycolic acids, lipoarabinomannan) that delivers resistance to antibiotics and phagocytosis.
Objectives: To evaluate the Incidence rate of tuberculosis in Diyala province
Patients and methods: The study is a cross-sectional analysis directed in Diyala province, Iraq, between November 2024, and February 2025, concerning 713 TB patients (69 males and 71 females). The study fixated on gender distribution, TB types (pulmonary and extrapulmonary), and treatment consequences, with 691 patients recovering, 17 deaths, and 5 treatment failures. Statistical analysis was accomplished using Microsoft Excel and SPSS, applying descriptive statistics to analyze patterns in the data.
Results: The study results designate a higher prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) amongst females (58%) associated to males (42%). The primary causes of TB cases were the general healthcare sector (381 cases), followed by the private sector (208 cases), direct reporting (111 cases), and prisons (13 cases). In relations of treatment regimens, most patients (657) usual Cut 1, which comprised isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, while only 56 patients usual Cut 2, which involved of the same drugs with the addition of streptomycin.
Conclusion: This study describes the trends of tuberculosis (TB) incidence, treatment distribution and patient outcome in the province of Diyala. The results show that TB is predominantly pulmonary; with the males having a higher prevalence of TB, and TAC is influenced by the male population
References
1.World Health Organization. The end TB STRATEGY. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. © World Health Organization March 2015.
2.Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. DOTS-Plus Guidelines 2006. Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi:Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. 2007: p.1-46.
3.Tuberculosis annual report in Iraq, NTP, MOH, IRAQ, 2013.
4.Tuberculosis annual report in Iraq, NTP, MOH, IRAQ, 2015.
Arwa TR, Ahmed AM. The Pattern of Drug Resistance in Iraqi Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Referred to the Specialized Center for Chest and Respiratory Disease. The Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2014; 13(2): 181- 86.
Ammar Subhi Zaidan et al. National tuberculosis management guideline. UNDP, MOH, IRAQ the fifth edition 2015; P 5.
Cassileth BR, Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, Miller DS, Brown LL, Cross PA et al. Psychosocial status in chronic illness: A comparative analysis of six diagnostic groups. N Engl J Med 1984; 311(8):506-11.
Chow SP, and Yau A. Tuberculosis of the knee-- A long term follow-up. Int Orthop 1980; 4(2):87-92.
9.Rajeswari R, Muniyandi M, Balasubramanian R, et al. Perceptions of tuberculosis patients about their physical, mental and social well-being: A field report from south India. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60(8):1845-53.
Khan A, Walley J and Newell J. Tuberculosis in Pakistan: Socio-cultural constraints and opportunities in treatment. Soc Sci Med 2000; 50(2):247-54. 11.Liefooghe R, Michiels N, Habib S, etal. Perception and social consequences of tuberculosis: A focus group study of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan. Soc Sci Med 1995;41(12):1685-92.
Yousif Ghassan Mohammed, Ahmed Sattar Jabbar, Ahmed Naji Kareem, Hawraa Athab Khayun, Sorour Khalil Mohsen, Azal Ahsan Fasel, Doha Nathom Jawda, Hawra Duraid Hazbar (2024). An Epidemiological Study of TB Infection before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thi-Qar Province. Published online 2 May 2024, Vision Publisher, ISSN 2942-0792
Raad Abdul Karim Al-Hayali (2016). Tuberculosis in Diyala Province Before and During the Embargo. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS), Volume 3, Issue 6, 131-135
Asmaa A. Al-Kaisse, Amina N. AL-Thwani, Ahmed A. Mankhi, Zainab H. Abood, and Ruqaya Mustafa Ali (2023). Epidemiological Study of Prevalence TB in Iraq*. Revis Bionatura, Volume 8, Issue 2, 27. Available at:
Oraas Khalid Khudhair, Hiba Nabeel Abdullah, Samara Mahmood Abdulhadi (2022). Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Diyala Governorate (Iraq) and Relationship with Blood Group and Hypertension. International Journal of Medical Science and Research, Volume 4, Issue 2, 25-28.
