Effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Therapy in Enhancing Gross Motor Function and Balance in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy – A literature review

Abstract

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological disorder characterized by central motor dysfunction, impairing movement, posture, and muscle tone. It manifests as abnormal gait, muscle imbalances, and coordination deficits. Classified by limb involvement, CP affects 2-3 per 1,000 live births, with symptom variability and potential functional improvement due to neural maturation. Aim: This literature review aims to evaluate the current literature on equine-assisted therapy interventions for Cerebral palsy, focusing on studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review seeks to identify the effectiveness of equine-assisted therapy approaches that enhance motor function and improve balance in individuals with CP. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, and Medline. Keywords included "Cerebral palsy," "Equina-assisted therapy”, "horseback riding," "balance," and "motor functions." Articles published in English and meeting the inclusion criteria were considered for review. Selection Criteria: Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed research articles, systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies, and case studies focusing on equine-assisted therapy for CP. Articles had to involve human participants diagnosed with CP across any stage or age group. Exclusion criteria included non-research articles, non-English publications, and articles published before 2015. Results:  7 of the 46 initially found articles met the inclusion criteria for detailed examination. These studies employed Equine-assisted therapies (EAT) to notably improve gross motor function, balance, and postural control in people with cerebral palsy. Studies show sustained GMFM and GMPM improvements, with increased muscle mass and stability. However, spasticity effects remain discrepant, and quality-of-life benefits require further research. Conclusion: Individuals with cerebral palsy benefit greatly from equine-assisted therapies (EAT) regarding improved balance, postural control, and gross motor function. Although improvements in motor function are well-established and lasting, the effects on spasticity are still erratic and require more research. To improve the clinical use of EAT in rehabilitation, future studies should concentrate on streamlining treatment plans and evaluating long-term functional results.

Keywords:

Equine-assisted therapy, Cerebral palsy, motor functioning, balance, horseback riding

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