Genetic Engineering in Medicine: New Tools and Medical Applications

Abstract

Genetic engineering is the main reason for radical transformation of modern medicine by allowing molecular level accurate manipulations for prevention, treatment and possible cure from numerous diseases. Recently developed technologies include CRISPR-Cas9 plus newly created systems delivering genes that facilitate the rapid evolution of gene-based therapies on infections, malignant tumors, and hereditary disorders. This review article investigates new approaches to fight pathogens come with GE involving immune cell engineering and therapeutic vaccine design while tools for tumor microenvironment modulation and immune recognition enhancement as well as direct editing of mutations driving cancer are opened up in oncology through GE. Besides, genetic engineering promises treatment of hereditary diseases through correction of pathogenic variants within autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked disorders which vastly improves patient quality of life and survival possibilities. Beneath all this great advancement lies substantial problems in delivery efficiency, ethical considerations, much needed long-term safety data as well others. Further study and careful clinical translation will be required to unleash the total therapeutic potential that GE can provide. Jointly, these advances put genetic engineering right at the cutting edge of precision medicine by offering new hope for conditions that were previously considered unamenable to treatment and rewriting the future landscape of medical treatment.

Keywords:

ncRNA, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs.

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