Histological Alterations and Biochemical Markers of Skin Cancer: A Review

Abstract

Skin cancer is a broad range of malignant and benign neoplasms that are common worldwide and more prevalent than many other cancer types. This condition involves the neoplastic proliferation of cells and tissues within the skin and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the most recent advances regarding histopathologic changes and management of skin malignancy, which are classified by three types-Melanoma (MM), Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). They also show certain patterns of atypia, invasion and proliferative activity which is vital for histopathological diagnosis as well as prognostic stratification. Molecular changes demonstrate that mutations in BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) or NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) in the RAS signaling pathway, Hedgehog family of proteins and β-catenin may underlie differences in clinical outcome as they affect tumor progression and response to therapy, particularly in skin cancers. In recent years, encouraging results have been observed in the treatment of HCC through targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors as first- or second-line treatment objectives, resulting in improvement in the clinical outcomes of patients with HCC. However, these strategies are also faced with formidable challenges for clinical translation due to cancer-relapsing therapeutic resistance and tumor heterogeneity. Tumor microenvironmental [practices] like Ti [tumor infiltrating] immune cells, interaction with (the)extracellular matrix are also key to the tumor development and progression. High throughput technologies like molecular profiling and precision medicine provide new treatment markers as well as the means to individualize therapy. However, skin cancer represents one of the most heavily treated malignancies, especially with advanced disease. This would, in turn, integrate lithologic, molecular and therapeutic data into the diagnostic inferences standardized for patients—improving understanding & rational of treatment thereby enabling better reporting of outcomes.

Keywords:

MM, BCC, SCC, Skin Cancer, EGFR amplification

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